Previous theories about how we appreciate music have been based on the physical properties of sound, the ear itself, and a natural ability to hear harmony, says Neil McLachlan, an associate professor in the School of Psychological Sciences at the University of Melbourne.

“Our study shows that musical harmony can be learned and it is a matter of training the brain to hear the sounds,” says McLachlan.

“So if you thought that the music of some exotic culture (or jazz) sounded like the wailing of cats, it’s simply because you haven’t learned to listen by their rules.”

“What we found was that people needed to be familiar with sounds created by combinations of notes before they could hear the individual notes. If they couldn’t find the notes they found the sound dissonant or unpleasant,” McLachlan explains.

“This finding overturns centuries of theories that physical properties of the ear determine what we find appealing.”

According to psychologists, happiness comes down to the number of positive and negative moment that we experience.

Whether a moment is positive or negative depends entirely on how we feel. So, for example, if you feel relaxed, excited, joyful, or peaceful, then you’re experiencing a positive moment. On the other hand, if you are bored, angry, or annoyed, then you’re experiencing a negative moment.

Our overall satisfaction with life, or “happiness score,” is simply the number of positive moments that we experience divided by the number of negatives ones. So the more frequently you experience positive emotions, the happier you are. […]

1. Happiness Is Valuing Our Emotions

[…] If you want to be happy, the first thing to do is to become mindful of your emotions. It isn’t hard: simply try to pay attention to how you feel at varies point in the day.

When you are practicing mindfulness, don’t try to change or control your emotions in any way. All you need to do is become aware of what they are and acknowledge them. […]

2. Happiness is Loving Your Job

We spend so much of our time at work. And we factor in commute time, and the time it takes to regenerate ourselves after work, then hardly anything at all is left.

When we don’t like our job, we collect so many moments of boredom and frustration that it becomes almost impossible to shift the balance in our favor. It is very hard to maintain a high ratio of positive to negative moments when we spend our days disliking what we do.

However, disking our jobs is all too common. A whooping 80% of people dislike theirs! […]

3. Happiness is A Good Relationship

[…] If you are currently single, choose a partner that will brings into your life many positive moments, and few bad ones. Pay close attention to how you feel around potential partners, and choose one who consistently makes you feel good.

If you are already in a relationship, know that whatever investment you make in your relationship, is also an investment in your own happiness. It is not possible to avoid all problems – rough patches are inedible in long term relationships. When problems do come up – don’t ignore then. Work through your relationship difficulties, so that your relationship can once again contribute to your overall happiness.

And when times are good, cherish your relationship. It is bringing more joy into your life than you may realize.

Here’s the abstract of this lengthy, but interesting, research paper:

The current study investigated whether fiction experiences change empathy of the reader. Based on transportation theory, it was predicted that when people read fiction, and they are emotionally transported into the story, they become more empathic. Two experiments showed that empathy was influenced over a period of one week for people who read a fictional story, but only when they were emotionally transported into the story. No transportation led to lower empathy in both studies, while study 1 showed that high transportation led to higher empathy among fiction readers. These effects were not found for people in the control condition where people read non-fiction. The study showed that fiction influences empathy of the reader, but only under the condition of low or high emotional transportation into the story.

Using special filters attached to his camera Friedman captures some of the most lovely details of the Sun’s roiling surface. The raw images are colorless and often blurry requiring numerous hours of coloring, adjusting and finessing to tease out the finest details, the results of which hardly resemble what I imagine the 10-million degree surface of Sun might look like. Instead Friedman’s photos appear almost calm and serene, perhaps an entire planet of fluffy clouds or cotton candy. From his artist statement:

My photographs comprise a solar diary, portraits of a moment in the life of our local star. Most are captured from my backyard in Buffalo, NY. Using a small telescope and narrow band filters I can capture details in high resolution and record movements in the solar atmosphere that change over hours and sometimes minutes. The raw material for my work is black and white and often blurry. As I prepare the pictures, color is applied and tonality is adjusted to better render the features. It is photojournalism of a sort. The portraits are real, not painted. Aesthetic decisions are made with respect for accuracy as well as for the power of the image.

“Judge nothing, you will be happy. Forgive everything, you will be happier. Love everything, you will be happiest.” ~Sri Chinmoy

The points below really helped me to come to terms with how judgmental people can be.

  1. The only person who can know the absolute truth about you is you. […]

  2. Ultimately, the opinion that really matters is yours. […]

  3. People can’t “make” you feel anything. […]

  4. Someone else’s judgment will be far more important to you. […]

  5. We don’t need to try to read people’s minds. […]

  6. Forgiveness sets you free. […]

  7. Compassion changes everything. […]

I hope you never find yourself being unfairly judged, or indeed forming an opinion of your own without all the facts, but if you do I hope my story can help you.

Journey through the heavens with 30 amazing stargazer pictures

The Hubble Space Telescope is easily the most famous of NASA’s Great Observatories program. Though the telescope had a troubled start, a much-publicized repair mission corrected its vision problems and paved the way for it to produce some of the most stunning images ever recorded. A large number of images have been assembled at the Hubble Heritage Image Gallery for viewing, and Ars has selected thirty of the nicest […]

Pictured above: “A ‘Rose’ Made of Galaxies”:

More than three hundred million light years from Earth lies the interacting galaxies known as Arp 273. The structure they form is composed of the large spiral galaxy UGC 1810, with a smaller companion called UGC 1813 hanging close by. UGC 1813’s gravitational pull warps its larger neighbor and gives Arp 273 a flower-like appearance when viewed from Earth’s perspective.

More and more of us find ourselves unable to juggle overwhelming demands and maintain a seemingly unsustainable pace. Paradoxically, the best way to get more done may be to spend more time doing less. A new and growing body of multidisciplinary research shows that strategic renewal — including daytime workouts, short afternoon naps, longer sleep hours, more time away from the office and longer, more frequent vacations — boosts productivity, job performance and, of course, health.

Time is the resource on which we’ve relied to get more accomplished. When there’s more to do, we invest more hours. But time is finite, and many of us feel we’re running out, that we’re investing as many hours as we can while trying to retain some semblance of a life outside work.

Like time, energy is finite; but unlike time, it is renewable. Taking more time off is counterintuitive for most of us. The idea is also at odds with the prevailing work ethic in most companies, where downtime is typically viewed as time wasted.

In most workplaces, rewards still accrue to those who push the hardest and most continuously over time. But that doesn’t mean they’re the most productive.

The importance of restoration is rooted in our physiology. Human beings aren’t designed to expend energy continuously. Rather, we’re meant to pulse between spending and recovering energy.

Our basic idea is that the energy employees bring to their jobs is far more important in terms of the value of their work than is the number of hours they work. By managing energy more skillfully, it’s possible to get more done, in less time, more sustainably. In a decade, no one has ever chosen to leave the company. Our secret is simple — and generally applicable. When we’re renewing, we’re truly renewing, so when we’re working, we can really work.

For a long time psychiatrists and psychologists have lumped such triggers together under rather vague umbrella terms, including “severe psychosocial stressors” and “stressful life events.” In recent years, however, a few researchers have looked more carefully at the different kinds of events that provoke a depressive episode. The evidence they have collected so far argues for a more nuanced understanding of how stress interacts with individual susceptibility to depression, how quickly depression follows different types of stress, and how best to treat depression in these various situations.

An event that catalyzes a depressive episode does not have to be catastrophic—sometimes what seems like mild stress or a minor loss to most people is enough to plunge someone into murky misery that refuses to fade. It all depends on an individual’s vulnerability to depression, which is determined by a complex interaction of many different factors, including: sources of stress in one’s life; family history of mental illness; cognitive style—that is, the patterns of thought unique to an individual; and psychosocial factors, such as adversity in early childhood and the presence or absence of caring relatives and friends. Someone with low vulnerability and no previous depressive episodes may survive a devastating hurricane or emerge from a period of grief following the death of a sibling having never experienced true depression. In contrast, someone at high risk of depression with little social support might fall into the depths of despair for months on end after a budding romance wilts and withers.

[P]eople who lose important relationships early on—through the death of a parent, for example—may become especially sensitive to even small losses in the future, especially interpersonal losses.

[T]he deliberate rejection of one person by another—a form of interpersonal loss known as “targeted rejection”—is a particularly powerful catalyst of depression.

When a patient shows symptoms of depression soon after a loss—whether the death of a spouse or a failed romance—clinicians face a dilemma: They must determine whether the patient is heading toward or has already developed true depression or, instead, whether the patient is passing through a phase of typical grief. Weighing factors such as changes in self-esteem and family history of mental illness can help clinicians make an informed evaluation in many cases, but some situations are more ambiguous. Psychiatry has no universal litmus test for depression.

More effective treatments will likely require a much clearer understanding of exactly what happens in the brain and body during depression. […] “At the end of the day, it’s not stressful events alone that result in depression,” Slavich says. “It’s about the differences in how our brains construe those types of events. All the stress we experience gets translated into the types of biological and cognitive processes that precipitate depression. Some people ruminate about them and others don’t. Some people may never develop depression, no matter how badly they are rejected. That’s the silver lining—although we can’t always control whether someone dies or whether our girlfriend breaks up with us, we can try to control how we think about it and deal with it.”

If mathemusician Vi Hart — who for the past three years has been bringing whimsy to math with her mind-bending, playful, and illuminating stop-motion musical doodles — isn’t already your hero, she should be, and likely will be. (Cue in the GRAMMYs newly announced search for great music teachers.) In her latest gem, Hart uses music notation, a Möbius strip, and backwards Bach to explain space-time:

Music has two recognizable dimensions — one is time, and the other is pitch-space. … There [are] a few things to notice about written music: Firstly, that it is not music — you can’t listen to this. … It’s not music — it’s music notation, and you can only interpret it into the beautiful music it represents.

Also see Hart on the science of sound, frequency and pitch, and her blend of Victorian literature and higher mathematics to explain multiple dimensions.

You name it and Livio De Marchi can build it out of wood. A table setting, a Ferrari-shaped boat, a living room set–he’s a veritable mad scientist with wood. From his workshop in Venice, De Marchi duplicates the human material world in exacting detail. You can view more photos of his work at the link.