Italy is my country.  I’ve spent a long time there, I studied abroad there, and I get a huge smile on my face each time I return, excited for the food and the wine and the beautiful people.

As a result, my readers are always asking me for Italy advice.  Most of the time, people want help with their itinerary, and I give them a variation of the Rome-Florence-Venice route with a day or two in the countryside.

I was wrong.

[…]

So here is my new advice for visiting Italy: rent a car and drive into the countryside.  Visit every small town that catches your fancy.  Book a few days at an agriturismo.  Eat everything you set your eyes on.

It’s not Rome, and it’s not Venice, but it’s a very different kind of Italian experience, and one that I enjoyed greatly.  If you’re planning a trip to Italy for the first time, consider taking the Umbrian route instead!

Sounds good. Personally, I’ve always liked the idea of riding a bike through the Italian countryside. Maybe one day.

We use language every day to express our emotions, but can this language actually affect what and how we feel? Two new studies from Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, explore the ways in which the interaction between language and emotion influences our well-being.

Putting Feelings into Words Can Help Us Cope with Scary Situations

Katharina Kircanski and colleagues at the University of California, Los Angeles investigated whether verbalizing a current emotional experience, even when that experience is negative, might be an effective method for treating for people with spider phobias. In an exposure therapy study, participants were split into different experimental groups and they were instructed to approach a spider over several consecutive days. One group was told to put their feelings into words by describing their negative emotions about approaching the spider. Another group was asked to ‘reappraise’ the situation by describing the spider using emotionally neutral words. A third group was told to talk about an unrelated topic (things in their home) and a fourth group received no intervention. Participants who put their negative feelings into words were most effective at lowering their levels of physiological arousal. They were also slightly more willing to approach the spider. The findings suggest that talking about your feelings – even if they’re negative – may help you to cope with a scary situation.

Unlocking Past Emotion: The Verbs We Use Can Affect Mood and Happiness

Our memory for events is influenced by the language we use. When we talk about a past occurrence, we can describe it as ongoing (I was running) or already completed (I ran). To investigate whether using these different wordings might affect our mood and overall happiness, Will Hart of the University of Alabama conducted four experiments in which participants either recalled or experienced a positive, negative, or neutral event. They found that people who described a positive event with words that suggested it was ongoing felt more positive. And when they described a negative event in the same way, they felt more negative. The authors conclude that one potential way to improve mood could be to talk about negative past events as something that already happened as opposed to something that was happening.

For more than a decade now, I’ve listened to the debate about where the Macintosh user interface came from. Most people assume it came directly from Xerox, after Steve Jobs went to visit Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center). This “fact” is reported over and over, by people who don’t know better (and also by people who should!). Unfortunately, it just isn’t true - there are some similarities between the Apple interface and the various interfaces on Xerox systems, but the differences are substantial.

Related:

  1. The Xerox PARC Visit (Stanford University Library):

The closest thing in the history of computing to a Prometheus myth is the late 1979 visit to Xerox PARC by a group of Apple engineers and executives led by Steve Jobs. According to early reports, it was on this visit that Jobs discovered the mouse, windows, icons, and other technologies that had been developed at PARC. These wonders had been locked away at PARC by a staff that didn’t understand the revolutionary potential of what they had created. Jobs, in contrast, was immediately converted to the religion of the graphical user interface, and ordered them copied by Apple, starting down the track that would eventually yield the Lisa and “insanely great” Macintosh. The Apple engineers – that band of brothers, that bunch of pirates – stole the fire of the gods, and gave it to the people.It’s a good story.

Unfortunately, it’s also wrong in almost every way a story can be wrong…

  1. Steve Jobs and Xerox: The Truth About Innovation by ZURB
    quoting Creation Myth (by Malcolm Gladwell for the New Yorker):

Apple was already one of the hottest tech firms in the country. Everyone in the Valley wanted a piece of it. So Jobs proposed a deal: he would allow Xerox to buy a hundred thousand shares of his company for a million dollars—its highly anticipated I.P.O. was just a year away—if PARC would ‘open its kimono.’

Deal of the century, for Apple! Also, assuming Xerox held onto those shares, today they’d be worth:

100,000 x 8 x $663.22 = $ 530,576,000  (that’s over half a billion dollars)

Note: Apple’s stock was split 2:1 on three separate occasions, hence the multiplication by 8.

Michael Mauboussin is the Chief Investment Strategist at Legg Mason Capital Management. If you’re looking to learn about behavioral economics he recommends you start with the following books and articles.

Books

1. Thinking, Fast and Slow by Daniel Kahneman
Comment: A sweeping review of the work of the greatest psychologist of the past half century.

2. Judgment in Managerial Decision Making — Seventh Edition by Max H. Bazerman
Comment: A great source for heuristics and biases

3. Expert Political Judgment by Philip Tetlock
Comment: Are you still listening to expert prognosticators? A devastating, empirical study of how bad expert predictions are in complex realms.

4. The Halo Effect by Phil Rosenzweig
Comment: Lots of lessons in 175 pages–you’ll never look at the world the same way after reading this one.

5. The Winner’s Curse by Richard Thaler
Comment: The contents are the foundation of what we call behavioral finance.

Recommended Articles

1. On the Psychology of Prediction by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky (Psychological Review, Vol. 80, No. 4, July 1973, 237-251)
Comment: Kahneman said this was his favorite paper. This explains the inside-outside view.

2. Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky (Econometrica, Vol. 72, No. 2, March 1979, 263-292)
Comment: A clear and compelling discussion of how behavior varies from what utility theory predicts.

3. A Survey of Behavioral Finance by Nicholas C. Barberis and Richard H. Thaler (in George Constantinides, Milton Harris, and Rene Stulz, eds.Handbook of Economics of Finance: Volume 1B, Financial Markets and Asset Pricing, Elsevier North Holland, Chapter 18, 1053-1128)
Comment: Exactly as advertised–what you need to know about behavioral finance in one place.

4. Conditions for Intuitive Expertise: A Failure to Disagree by Daniel Kahneman and Gary Klein (American Psychologist, Vol. 64, No. 6, September 2009, 515-536)
Comment: We overestimate the abilities of experts. But they do work in certain settings. This explains when you can trust an expert.

5. Hindsight ≠ Foresight: The Effect of Outcome Knowledge on Judgment Under Uncertainty by Baruch Fischhoff (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, Vol. 1, No. 3, August 1975, 288-299)
Comment: Hindsight bias and creeping determinism. Big problems.

Though Windows 8 is winning rave reviews for its touch-friendly tablet experience, many feel that the operating system’s “Modern-style” UI makes life more difficult for PC users. Count usability expert Raluca Budiu of the Nielsen Norman Group among these critics. Though she has not conducted any formal studies on Windows 8, the former Xerox PARC researcher and user experience  specialist has used the new OS enough to conclude that, for productivity tasks on the PC at least, Windows 8 is less user friendly than its predecessors.

Budiu explained to us why the design principles Microsoft used don’t make sense for PCs and have the potential to confuse desktop users and slow them down.

Windows 8 is a bold, and I daresay a courageous, move by Microsoft. This quote from “Yes Minister” seems appropriate:

Sir Humphrey:  If you want to be really sure that the Minister doesn’t accept it, you must say the decision is “courageous”.
Bernard:  And that’s worse than “controversial”?
Sir Humphrey:  Oh, yes! “Controversial” only means “this will lose you votes”. “Courageous” means “this will lose you the election”!

[E]verything is fiction. When you tell yourself the story of your life, the story of your day, you edit and rewrite and weave a narrative out of a collection of random experiences and events. Your conversations are fiction. Your friends and loved ones—they are characters you have created. And your arguments with them are like meetings with an editor—please, they beseech you, you beseech them, rewrite me. You have a perception of the way things are, and you impose it on your memory, and in this way you think, in the same way that I think, that you are living something that is describable. When of course, what we actually live, what we actually experience—with our senses and our nerves—is a vast, absurd, beautiful, ridiculous chaos.

  1. A Brief History of Time by Stephen Hawking (1988)

  2. An Essay on the Principle of Population by Thomas Robert Malthus (1798)

  3. Black Holes and Time Warps by Kip Thorne (1994)

  4. Brighter Than a Thousand Suns: A personal history of the atomic scientists by Robert Jungk (1956, first published in German)

  5. Chaos: Making a new science by James Gleick (1987)

  6. Disturbing the Universe by Freeman Dyson (1979)

  7. Gaia: A new look at life on Earth by James Lovelock (1979)

  8. Godel, Escher, Bach: An eternal golden braid by Douglas Hofstadter (1979)

  9. Guns, Germs and Steel by Jared Diamond (1997)

  10. On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin (1859)

  11. Phantoms in the Brain by V. S. Ramachandran and Sandra Blakeslee (1998)

  12. Principles of Geology by Charles Lyell (1830-1833)

  13. Silent Spring by Rachel Carson (1962)

  14. The Ascent of Man by Jacob Bronowski (1973)

  15. The Ambidextrous Universe by Martin Gardner (1964)

  16. The Double Helix by James Watson (1968)

  17. The Emperor’s New Mind by Roger Penrose (1989)

  18. The First Three Minutes by Steven Weinberg (1977)

  19. The Language Instinct by Steven Pinker (1994)

  20. The Man Who Mistook his Wife for a Hat by Oliver Sacks (1985)

  21. The Mysterious Universe by James Jeans (1930)

  22. The Naked Ape by Desmond Morris (1967)

  23. The Selfish Gene by Richard Dawkins (1976)

  24. What is Life? By Erwin Schrödinger (1944)

  25. Wonderful Life by Stephen Jay Gould (1989)

I’ve read numbers 1, 5, 7, 17 and 20.

“Godel, Escher, Bach” has been on my bookshelf for years. Haven’t had the courage to read it through yet.

Yeasayer
Before: Strange world music-influenced eclecticism
After: Identikit Brooklyn “hey, look, we have synths!” stuff

Depeche Mode
Before: Slap-happy, mildly camp synthpop
After: Portentous stadium rock

Pink Floyd
Before: Winsome psychedelic noodlings
After: Portentous stadium rock

The Horrors
Before: Misfits cover band
After: Shoegaze devotees

Radiohead
Before: Best guitar band of the ’90s
After: Warp devotees

M83
Before: Freeform pysch extravaganzas and ambient excursions
After: Pitchfork pop

The Clash
Before: Angry left-wing punks
After: Angry left-wing musical visionaries

Best Coast
Before: Most excellent psych weirdness
After: Sub-girl group Cali tedium

Robyn
Before: Cheesy pop and child stardom
After: Hyper-cool electropop and angular haircuts

Nick Cave
Before: The Devil incarnate
After: Suit-wearing piano balladeer

Who I like both “before” and “after”: Nick Cave, Radiohead and The Clash.

Who I like “after”: Depeche Mode and Pink Floyd (does that make me portentous?)

Should probably check the others out some time.

Obvious (big name) omissions include: The Beatles, U2, Neil Young, Pearl Jam, Sting/The Police.

How much does the first hour of every day matter? As it turns out, a lot. It can be the hour you see everything clearly, get one real thing done, and focus on the human side of work rather than your task list.

Here are the first items on the daily to-do lists of some successful people:

• Don’t Check Your Email for the First Hour. Seriously. Stop That. (Tumblr founder David Karp)

• Gain Awareness, Be Grateful (motivational speaker Tony Robbins)

• Do the Big, Shoulder-Sagging Stuff First (career writer and Fast Company blogger Brian Tracy)

• Ask Yourself If You’re Doing What You Want to Do (discussed by Steve Jobs in his 2005 Stanford commencement speech)

• “Customer Service” (or Your Own Equivalent) (Craigslist founder Craig Newmark)

“Hitting the ground running” definitely helps build momentum for the rest of the day.

1. Thinking Fast and Slow , by Daniel Kahneman, 2011 – If you want to understand how people think and how and why they react, then this is a must read. Daniel Kahneman is a Nobel prize winner in Economics, but this book is all about how people think and react. […]

2. Redirect , by Timothy Wilson, 2011 – […] If you want to know how to make permanent and lasting change in your behavior, or the behavior of someone you know, then this is the book to read. Wilson covers the recent and often very surprising research on interventions and therapies that result in people actually changing. […]

3. Drive , by Daniel Pink, 2011 – What really motivates people? This book covers the research on human motivation in the last few years. It’s well written, and an easy read, and will explode some long-standing beliefs.

4, The Invisible Gorilla ,by Chabris and Simon, 2011 – Chabris and Simon explain their research that shows how what we think we are seeing and experiencing is not really what’s out there. A fun book about how we deceive ourselves.

_ 5. Ho __ w We Decide , by Jonah Lehrer, 2009 – There’s been a big controversy lately about Jonah Lehrer. But that surrounds his later book, _Imagine. No matter what people are saying and writing about Jonah Lehrer, How We Decide is a great book. […] It’s a small book, and has lots of research in it, but it is quite readable. Highly recommended if you want to understand the how and why of human decision-making.

_ 6. Strangers to Ourselves: The Adaptive Unconscious , by Timothy Wilson, 2004 – This is the book that actually got me started seriously on the topic of the unconscious. I had read _Blink (Malcolm Gladwell) and although that was an interesting book, I wanted more depth and detail. […]

_ 7. Stumbling on Happiness _, by Dan Gilbert, 2007 – This is a fun read. I don’t think it’s really about Happiness, so I don’t totally understand the title. To me it’s mainly about memory of the past, and anticipation about the future, and the research on how accurate or inaccurate we are about both past and future. It’s full of fascinating research, but is written in a very readable way.

_ 8. Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion _, by Robert Cialdini, 2006 – […] This book is the “granddaddy” of all the other books on the topic of persuasion. A very worthwhile read. Interesting too, because at the time he originally wrote this book each chapter had a section on how to RESIST the persuasive techniques. He wasn’t a proponent of using them; he wanted you to know about them so you wouldn’t fall prey. He did a turn-around on that mindset for his later work and writing.

_ 9. Brain Rules: 12 Principles For Surviving and Thriving at Work, Home, and School _, by John Medina, 2009 – […] If you want a basic book that explains some basic brain functioning I would definitely read this book.

_ 10. Predictably Irrational _, by Dan Ariely, 2008. […] If you have read my blog posts or books you know that I believe that it is not that our decision-making or mental processing is “irrational”. It’s unconscious, but that doesn’t mean irrational or bad. Our unconscious mental processing works most of the time. Ariely’s view is that we are irrational and irrational means bad, and that we should learn how to counteract our mental processing. I don’t agree. But the research in the book is still good (it’s his interpretations and recommendations I take issue with).

I’ve read and can recommend “Drive”, “Brain Rules” and “Predictably Irrational”. “Thinking Fast and Slow” is on my list for later this year.

I haven’t read “Stumbling on Happiness” yet, but I’ve seen Dan Gilbert’s interesting TED talk, “Why are we happy?