We’ve all heard stories of inspiration striking out of the blue. It seems as though the moment your mind wanders, ideas and answers spring out of the void. Sometimes you can think about a problem logically for hours, without getting anywhere — but as soon as you “zone out,” a clever solution pops into your head.

A number of studies have shown that focused attention to a task can reduce your creativity, while a certain amount of mental wandering can actually boost your creative process. For example, a 2006 study by Ap Dijksterhuis and Teun Meurs with the University of Amsterdam found people who engaged in “unconscious thought” before solving a problem did better than people who’d been focused on something consciously.

I’ve often solved tricky programming problems by walking away from the computer and lying down for a while.  Or even simply going for a literal walk in the park.

Also, a recent study by researchers led by U.C. Santa Barbara’s Benjamin Baird found that people who were allowed to let their minds wander scored better on one measure of creativity — the “Unusual Task” test.

There are a few ways to make sure that your time spent “spacing out” is actually productive, rather than just a waste:

1) Do something unchallenging…

2) Be aware that you’re zoning out…

3) Practice meditation…

Most of us know that meditating is a great way to reduce stress. But meditative practice goes beyond taking a chill pill. Meditating is also associated with structural changes in the brain that help sharpen focus and improve memory and multitasking skills. But can this mind-body practice really help you get straight A’s?

It’s still unclear how meditation actually changes the brain, but some scientists say devoting complete attention to one specific object or thought actually alters our neural networks. And just remember, these studies don’t imply meditating will _cause _any changes in our brains, just that these cognitive abilities are associated with meditation.

It’s also worth noting that there are many different types of meditation, and certain people may benefit more from one meditation style over another. So if you’re looking to get some big results from a little inward reflection, choose a type of meditation you like and feel most comfortable doing. From mantra to mindfulness and Zen to qigong, there are plenty of ways to get that third eye in focus.

The sought-after equanimity of “living in the moment” may be impossible, according to neuroscientists who’ve pinpointed a brain area responsible for using past decisions and outcomes to guide future behavior.

“The brain has to keep track of decisions and the outcomes they produce,” said Marc Sommer, who did his research for the study as a University of Pittsburgh neuroscience faculty member and is now on the faculty at Duke University. “You need that continuity of thought,” Sommer continued. “We are constantly keeping decisions in mind as we move through life, thinking about other things. We guessed it was analogous to working memory, which would point toward the prefrontal cortex.”

Sommer noted that defining such concepts related to metacognition, like consciousness, has been difficult for decades. He sees his research and future work related to studying metacognition as one step in a systematic process of working toward a better understanding of consciousness. By studying metacognition, he says, he reduces the big problem of studying a “train of thought” into a simpler component: examining how one cognitive process influences another.

“Why aren’t our thoughts independent of each other? Why don’t we just live in the moment? For a healthy person, it’s impossible to live in the moment. It’s a nice thing to say in terms of seizing the day and enjoying life, but our inner lives and experiences are much richer than that.”

Perhaps it’s a matter of being able to push the active decision-making and thinking processes further into the subconscious?  I find that when I achieve “flow” (e.g. while programming, reading, writing, listening to music, gardening), I can be so focussed on what I’m doing that I can take my mind of the more mundane decisions and negative thoughts that keep nagging at me.

[I]n case you hadn’t noticed, it’s on stressful days that many of us give in to temptation and choose unhealthy options. The connection between exhaustion and the consumption of junk food is not just a figment of your imagination.

And it is the reason why so many diets bite it in the midst of stressful situations, and why many resolutions derail in times of crisis.

How do we avoid breaking under stress? There are six simple rules.

1) Acknowledge the tension, don’t ignore it.

2) Call it what it is: ego-depletion.

3) Understand ego-depletion.

4) Include and consider the moral implications.

5) Evade ego-depletion.

6) Know Thyself.

The reality of modern life is that we can’t always avoid depletion. But that doesn’t mean we’re helpless against it. Many people probably remember the G.I. Joe cartoon catch phrase: “Knowing is half the battle.” While this served in the context of PSAs of various stripes, it can help us here as well. Simply knowing you can become depleted, and moreover, knowing the kinds of decisions you might make as a result, makes you far better equipped to handle difficult situations when and as they arise.

Why don’t successful people and organizations automatically become very successful? One important explanation is due to what I call “the clarity paradox,” which can be summed up in four predictable phases:

Phase 1: When we really have clarity of purpose, it leads to success.
Phase 2: When we have success, it leads to more options and opportunities.
Phase 3: When we have increased options and opportunities, it leads to diffused efforts.
Phase 4: Diffused efforts undermine the very clarity that led to our success in the first place.

Curiously, and overstating the point in order to make it, success is a catalyst for failure.

What can we do to avoid the clarity paradox and continue our upward momentum? Here are three suggestions:

First, use more extreme criteria. … If we ask, “Do I absolutely love this?” then we will be able to eliminate the clutter and have space for something better. We can do the same with our career choices.

Second, ask “What is essential?” and eliminate the rest. Everything changes when we give ourselves permission to eliminate the nonessentials.

Third, beware of the endowment effect. Also known as the divestiture aversion, the endowment effect refers to our tendency to value an item more once we own it.

If success is a catalyst for failure because it leads to the “undisciplined pursuit of more,” then one simple antidote is the disciplined pursuit of less. Not just haphazardly saying no, but purposefully, deliberately, and strategically eliminating the nonessentials. Not just once a year as part of a planning meeting, but constantly reducing, focusing and simplifying. Not just getting rid of the obvious time wasters, but being willing to cut out really terrific opportunities as well. Few appear to have the courage to live this principle, which may be why it differentiates successful people and organizations from the very successful ones.

Apple’s string of successes during the Jobs 2.0 era seems to exemplify this approach.

Though they seem like rather unlikely pairings, many great rock songs have been the result of a lyricist finding inspiration in the pages of a book. These are just the tip of the iceberg…

  1. The Song: “Pigs (Three Different Ones),” Pink Floyd. *
    The Novel: Animal Farm, George Orwell. *

  2. The Song: “My Antonia,” Emmylou Harris.
    The Novel: My Antonia, Willa Cather.

  3. The Song: “Whip It,” Devo.
    The Novel: Gravity’s Rainbow, Thomas Pynchon.

  4. The Song: “Wuthering Heights,” Kate Bush.
    The Novel: Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte.

  5. The Song: “The Ghost of Tom Joad,” Bruce Springsteen.
    The Novel: The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck.

  6. The Song: “Sympathy for the Devil,” The Rolling Stones. *
    The Novel: The Master and Margarita, Mikhail Bulgakov.

  7. The Song: “Holden Caulfield,” Guns N’ Roses.
    The Novel: The Catcher in the Rye, J.D. Salinger. *

  8. The Song: “Tales of Brave Ulysses,” Cream.
    The Novel: The Odyssey, Homer.

  9. The Song: “Breathe,” U2. *
    The Novel: Ulysses, James Joyce.

  10. The Song: “Ramble On,” Led Zeppelin. *
    The Novel: Lord of the Rings, J.R.R. Tolkien.

  11. The Song: “Scentless Apprentice,” Nirvana. *
    The Novel: Perfume: The Story of a Murderer, Patrick Süskind. *

I’ve marked the songs in my CD collection and the novels I’ve read with asterisks.  Visit the source link to read more about the songs and novels, plus additional contributions by commenters.

A pretty good overview of that abstract thing we call money.  Necessary reading for those who think currency still is (or should again be) backed by gold.  Also explains why the gold standard failed. 

This irrational fear is ultimately a legacy of the way money evolved: We cling to the belief that money needs to be backed by something “solid.” In that sense, we’re just like Marco Polo—still a bit amazed by the thought that you can base an entire economy on little pieces of paper.


There is, to be sure, something a bit eerie about all this, and periods like the recent housing bubble, when banks made an extraordinary number of bad loans, should remind us of the dangers of runaway credit. But it’s a mistake to yearn for a more “solid” foundation for the monetary system. Money is a social creation, just like language. It’s a tool that can be used well or poorly, and it’s preferable that we have more freedom to use that tool than less.


While the recent credit crises and various bubbles are to be deplored, going back to the gold standard (even if it were possible) would only cause more problems than it would purport to solve.  It wouldn’t prevent governments from “printing money” - the hyperinflation in Germany occurred in the 1920s, notwithstanding the gold standard. Instead, we need better government and market oversight to prevent the excesses of investment/merchant banks and other financial institutions.

For millennia, humans have sought to make sense of time, to visualize it, to ride its arrow, to hack it, to understand biological connection to it.“Time is the very foundation of conscious experience,” writes  Dan Falk in In Search of Time: The History, Physics, and Philosophy of Time (public library).“To be human is to be aware of the passage of time; no concept lies closer to the core of our consciousness.”

The rest of In Search of Time, a fine addition to these essential books on time, is just as fascinating an untangling of the basic fabric of our existence, exploring everything from the science of time travel to the persistence and mechanisms of memory to the inevitability of impermanence.